Publikasjoner
The Diffusion of Power in Global Governance: International Political Economy Meets Foucault
Optimal Control and the Fibonacci Sequence
We bridge mathematical number theory with optimal control and show that a generalised Fibonacci sequence enters the control function of finite-horizon dynamic optimisation problems with one state and one control variable. In particular, we show that the recursive expression describing the first-order approximation of the control function can be written in terms of a generalised Fibonacci sequence when restricting the final state to equal the steady-state of the system. Further, by deriving the solution to this sequence, we are able to write the first-order approximation of optimal control explicitly. Our procedure is illustrated in an example often referred to as the Brock–Mirman economic growth model.
Improving Smallholder Livelihoods Through Local Value Chain Development: A Case Study of Goat Milk Yogurt in Tanzania
Farmers in the Mgeta village in the highlands of Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania, started keeping dairy goats over 20 years ago. Recently, the farmers, through their local association (TWAWOSE, meaning “let’s work together”), have started to transform part of their surplus milk into yogurt as a means of adding value and raising incomes. The objective of this study was to assess the potential for upgrading local dairy value chains to improve smallholder livelihoods. The main research questions included (i) whether local dairy value chains are beneficial for smallholder farmers, and (ii) whether smallholder farmers are capable of developing and maintaining a newly established dairy value chain. These questions were examined through a case study analysis of Twawose’s local dairy value chain. Kaplinsky and Morris’ (2001) value chain framework was used to analyze the Twawose value chain. The framework was modified to incorporate a review of assets that highlights the links between assets and chain governance on upgrading strategies. Data were collected during two field visits to Mgeta in May 2010 and January 2011 utilizing semi-structured interview techniques and secondary qualitative and quantitative data. Findings confirm that local dairy value chains benefit both the smallholder farmers’ directly involved in the chain and others in the Mgeta community. Year-round income from milk and yogurt is a valuable addition to their seasonal vegetable sales. Other positive impacts of local dairy value chains can include an increased asset base for participants, job creation, and improved household nutrition. This chain has the potential to benefit an even larger number of smallholders in Mgeta. However, there are challenges related to a lack of critical assets such as electricity, proper packaging, and limited access to information, markets, and finance that complicates the scaling-up and scaling out of the chain. The case highlights the need for supportive networks to mobilize and sustain local value chains.