Publications
A Global Race for Free Trade Agreements : From the Most to the Least Favored Nation Treatment?
The article examines the currently expanding worldwide network of bilateral free trade agreements. Following regional integration in Europe and later the Americas, the process in East Asia has accelerated from 2002. A distinctive feature of the current stage is the expansion of FTAs beyond geographical regions and into global space, hence challenging WTOs supremacy on inter-continental trade rules. Setbacks in the WTO Doha Round may stimulate a further move towards "global bilateralism". While integration between geographically distant countries will have a smaller impact than integration between neighbours, countries may nevertheless gain from "global bilateralism". The more such agreements in place, the greater is the incentive for new ones. Even if political obstacles hinder some agreements, the process is currently accelerating. While it is rational for countries to pursue such agreements, the process is currently accelerating. While it is rational for countries to pursue such agreements, they should in parallel work for multilateral trade liberalisation in order to reduce the discriminatory impact of FTAs. This is needed if we are to avoud that "Most Favored Nation" treatment under the WTO actually becomes "Least Favored Nation" treatment: Rules that only apply to countries that are left outside the "free trade race".
Eksport av tjenester og potensialet for økt verdiskapning i Norge : En empirisk kartlegging
Dette notatet gir en empirisk gjennomgang av norske tjenestenæringsers eksport, og foretar en sammenligning med trekkene i andre land. Videre gjøres det rede for omfanget av handelsbarrierer hos sentrale handelspartnere. Rapporten drøfter betydningen av direkte utenlandske investeringer i handelen med tjenester og gir en oversikt over tall for slike investeringer. Videre presenteres et rammeverk for vurdering av potensialet for økt verdiskapning blant tjenesteeksportørene. Vi gjennomfører en kvantitativ analyse av verdiskapningspotensialet basert på ulike mål, og gir policy-relaterte anbefalinger vedrørende hvilke tjenestesektorer man bør satse på i fremtidige GATS-forhandlinger for å nå høyest mulig verdiskapning i Norge. Det vises at til tross for at Norge har en relativt liten tjenestesektor, er andelen av tjenester i totaleksporten høy. Dette knytter seg primært til aktivitetene innen utenriks sjøfart. Sammenligninger med andre industrialiserte land viser at norske tjenestenæringer investerer lite i utlandet.
Corruption and fast change: Shifting modes of micro-coordination
The paper studies the effects on corruption of having coexisting, contradictory norms for allocating different micro-coordination modes across society. One important reason for their coexistence is fast change, and links to Huntington's classical analysis of corruption are worked out. The notion of micro-coordination mode is exposed and its usefulness for explaining corruption is argued through examples. The exampled outlined are corruption in land allocation in Kenya, the economic transition in post-communist countries and the global telecommunications industry.
The Rhetoric of Hegemony : How the extended definition of terrorism redefines international relations
This paper looks at the rhetorical extension of the word “terrorism” to cover what used to be called guerrilla war, separatism, civil war, armed resistance and all other forms of political violence, down to and including non-lethal sabotage and vandalism. It begins by reflecting on how political power must be buttressed by legitimacy, which in turn involves the de-legitimisation of challengers. This is often achieved by assimilating political dissent to the “criminality” that by definition governments are created to combat. When governments use the term “order” to mean their own convenience, and the converse, this can effectively evoke the individual citizen’s fear of personally suffering violence, even when he is in fact more at risk from the government itself than from its critics. In much the same way, “terror” no longer means government violence against citizens (as in the 19th century), nor solely violence against civilians by dissident groups; it has recently mutated to mean any armed resistance to the party deploying the rhetoric, even in conventional military forms. The terrorist label is the ultimate delegitimising technique, which may be employed to mobilise metropolitan populations to support a globally-coordinated suppression of resistance to the new world order.
A Polanyi Perspective on Post-Communist Corruption
The paper seeks to explain the present high levels of corruption in the post-communist countries, i.e. the centrally planned economies where the communist party lost power as the outcome of a specific historical process where both the character of the former economic system as well as that policy shock itself played key roles. Among the possible explanatory factors the study focuses on the effects of production decline and the ‘monetarisation’ of the economy which started before the policy shock.
Norsk utenrikshandel, markedspotensial og handelshindre
Dette notatet drøfter norsk eksport og virkninger av toll som legges på norsk eksport til andre land. Notatet viser at uavhengig av toll er økonomisk størrelse og geografisk avstand viktige forklaringsvariable for norsk eksport. Derfor kan ofte betydningen av handelspolitikk overdrives. Analysen av virkningene av toll mot norsk eksport viser likevel at tollsatser bidrar til redusert eksport. Et disaggregert datasett viser klare og signifikante effekter av tollsatser i andre land. For enkelte land kan effekten av å fjerne toll være at eksporten øker med mer enn 20 prosent. Resultatene må likevel tolkes med forsiktighet: Ulike varer har ulik følsomhet for tollsatser.
Defusing a Ticking Bomb? : Disentangling International Organisations in Samtskhe-Javakheti
This article examines how various organisations divide and coordinate their conflict prevention and development aid in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of southern Georgia, and how that coordination might be improved. There have been numerous early warnings of impending violent conflict and calls for conflict prevention in Samtskhe-Javakheti. Counter-claims have, however, been asserted that the region’s problem is in fact not one of potential violent ethnic conflict, but rather one of poverty and peripherality, and that exaggerated, uncoordinated early warning might in fact inflate conflicts that were not initially acute. At one point it seemed that the Samtskhe-Javakheti case would provide an example of uncoordinated and one-sided focus on conflict prevention and early warning on the part of international organisations, and its potentially detrimental consequences. An overview of the activities of the organisations, however, shows the contrary. A critical, sensitive and deconstructive perspective is already incorporated into their approach, and their activities are well coordinated. More formalised institutions are nonetheless needed to ensure the inclusion of large multilateral actors such as the World Bank and Council of Europe in the process, and consistent coordination in other regions too.
A Gap in OSCE Conflict Prevention? : Local Media and Inter-Ethnic Conflict in the Former Soviet Union
This paper argues that local media have been of great importance in the escalation of inter-ethnic conflicts in the former Soviet Union, and that conflict prevention by the OSCE in the region initially did not focus appropriately on media issues. During the past few years, however, media issues have increasingly come to preoccupy the OSCE, chiefly in connection with human rights issues and freedom of speech, but to some extent also as an element of conflict prevention. The importance of local media for OSCE conflict prevention is analysed in terms of the activities of the High Commissioner for National Minorities and Representative on Freedom of the Media, and OSCE annual reports.
Krig mot Irak : Foreligger det et FN-mandat for bruk av militærmakt?
Foreligger det i dag et folkerettslig grunnlag for bruk av militærmakt mot Irak? Spørsmålet står sentralt i den pågående striden i, og rundt, FNs sikkerhetsråd. Dette notatet gjennomgår historikken omkring Sikkerhetsrådets håndtering av Irak-spørsmålet siden Iraks invasjon av Kuwait i august 1990 og er oppdatert fram til ultimo februar 2003. Notatet konkluderer med at verken resolusjonene fra 1990 og 1991 (særlig S/RES/678 og 687) eller S/RES/1441 fra 2002 gir slik eksplisitt autoritet. Under forutsetning av at Sikkerhetsrådet ikke vedtar en ny resolusjon som eksplisitt autoriserer bruk av militærmakt, vil en invasjon av Irak knyttet til spørsmålet om masseødeleggelsesvåpen ikke være i samsvar med FN-paktens krav til legitim bruk av militærmakt. Det britisk-amerikansk-spanske utkastet til resolusjon som ble framlagt 24. februar 2003 vil, dersom det skulle bli vedtatt, innebære at det konstateres at Irak ikke oppfyller de forpliktelsene landet er pålagt i så vel våpenhvile-resolusjonen (S/Res 687) som de som følger av resolusjon 1441 fra november 2002, der det trues med «serious consequences». Et slikt vedtak kan medføre at våpenhvilen etter resolusjon 687 bortfaller, og at Sikkerhetsrådet konstaterer at Irak ikke har benyttet den «siste mulighet» landet ble tilbudt i resolusjon 1441. Men dette gir ikke medlemsstatene rett til å bruke makt – til dette trengs det en særlig autorisasjon.