Publications
EU Security Policy: Contrasting Rationalism and Social Constructivism
There are two very different stories that can be told about EU security policy during 2003. On the one hand, some argue that the deep division among important EU countries in relation to the Iraq war is a final confirmation of the absence of an EU security policy. On the other hand, some argue that the last year has been a year of considerable intensity in relation to EU security policy – despite the fact that EU cannot yet be characterised as a unitary actor. One of the reasons for these very different stories is that they are based on fundamentally different ideas and theories about the basic mechanisms in international relations. In this paper Pernille Rieker will contrast how two different approaches, namely Rationalistism and Social constructivism would analyse EU security policy. The paper starts with a short presentation of the meta-theoretical foundation of these approaches. The second part discusses how each of them views the conditions for multilateral cooperation and security. In the third part these perspectives on EU security policy will be discussed and some empirical data that support each of them will be presented. Finally, the paper ends on a discussion concerning whether these approaches must be seen as being alternative or complementary approaches.
EFTAs frihandelsavtaler: Betydning for Norge
Norges eksport er de siste ti år blitt «globalisert» ved at en klart lavere andel går til EU, og eksporten øker til en rekke nye markeder. Det handelspolitiske forhold til land utenfor EU blir derfor viktigere. Notatet analyserer hvordan EFTAs nettverk av frihandelsavtaler bør utformes for å sikre norsk markedsadgang i disse nye markedene, der barrierene for vare- og tjenesteeksport i en del tilfeller er høye. Det har de siste år skjedd en rask akselerasjon i utbredelsen av frihandelsavtaler på verdensbasis. EFTA har i dag frihandelsavtaler med 12 land utenfor EU-25, og forhandlinger med ytterligere fem land. EFTAs avtaler og initiativer omfatter en del av de viktigste nye markeder, men også en del land der handelen er svært liten og avtalene sannsynligvis vil ha liten effekt. Flere viktige land mangler på «EFTAs liste». Hensyn til markedsadgang for eksport taler for at EFTA bør vurdere frihandelsavtaler med en del viktige land i Asia (for eksempel Japan, Sør-Korea og Kina) og Øst-Europa (Russland og Ukraina), samt i Amerika (Brasil og USA). For å unngå at frihandelsavtaler underminerer WTO, bør EFTA-landene samtidig arbeide for ikkediskriminerende handelsliberalisering i WTO, særlig ved å fjerne tollen for industrivarer.
The Intangible Globalization : Explaining the Patterns of International Trade in Services
We identify the determinants of service trade and foreign affiliate sales in a gravity model, using recently collected bilateral data for the OECD countries and their trading partners, as well as new indicators for barriers to service imports and foreign affiliate sales. We emphasize the strong links between service FDI and trade, since a large proportion of trade is facilitated through foreign affiliate sales. Trade barriers and corruption in the importing country have a strong negative impact on service trade and foreign affiliate sales. We find a strong home market effect in service trade, and rich countries do not tend to import more, which may indicate that rich countries have a competitive advantage in service trade. Free trade agreements do not contribute to increased service trade. A full liberalization of international trade in services in our model, lifts exports by as much as 50% for some countries, and no less than 30%.
Study of selected Fredskorpset exchange projects
The present study examines nine Fredskorpset exchange projects, in order to assess the degree to which the goals specified have been reached. The basis for the exchanges is the partnerships established between institutions in Norway and counterpart entities in the South. The projects studied encompass a wide variety of such partnerships, illustrating the flexible and innovative attitude that Fredskorpset has shown during its first two years of operation. By basing its work on such partnerships, Fredskorpset has avoided some of the weaknesses of traditional volunteer programs. In terms of achievements, there are variations among the projects. While individual learning of participants was strong in all cases, the degree to which institutional benefits were achieved varied. Well-matched partners with sufficiently strong institutional structures; thorough planning of exchanges; and participants selected in accordance with well-defined needs for professional skills were seen to be important factors for successful projects.
How the Axis of Evil Metaphor Changes Iranian Images of the USA
The respondents feared an American attack, and regarded their membership in «the Axis of Evil» as a stab in the back after Iranian help in Afghanistan. This demonisation was seen overwhelmingly in terms of American geopolitical designs, ignorance and downright irrationality – an expansionist superpower that is dangerously out of control. The WTC attack initially caused a strengthening of Iranian national unity and a more coherent foreign policy, but most of the respondents regard «the Axis of Evil» as killing the nascent dialogue with the USA stone dead and coming as a godsend to the conservatives and the ultras.
Evaluation of Fadcanic's teacher training program in Nicaragua's Southern autonomous region of the Atlantic Coast
Since 1997, FADCANIC has been implementing a training program for unqualified teachers working in primary schools of Nicaragua’s Southern autonomous region of the Atlantic Coast. SAIH, the Norwegian NGO that has been funding this program, has commissioned the present evaluation. It concludes that the program has had a significant impact in terms of improving education in the region through addressing one of the most urgent needs of the educational sector, namely teacher qualifications. However, the evaluation also points out a number of other limitations for the sector, including lack of resources for materials, physical infrastructure and reasonable teacher salaries, as well as general social problems of the region. It recommends that the program is continued, and that even greater emphasis is put upon creating a teacher education appropriate to the multilingual and -cultural reality.
A Global Race for Free Trade Agreements : From the Most to the Least Favored Nation Treatment?
The article examines the currently expanding worldwide network of bilateral free trade agreements. Following regional integration in Europe and later the Americas, the process in East Asia has accelerated from 2002. A distinctive feature of the current stage is the expansion of FTAs beyond geographical regions and into global space, hence challenging WTOs supremacy on inter-continental trade rules. Setbacks in the WTO Doha Round may stimulate a further move towards "global bilateralism". While integration between geographically distant countries will have a smaller impact than integration between neighbours, countries may nevertheless gain from "global bilateralism". The more such agreements in place, the greater is the incentive for new ones. Even if political obstacles hinder some agreements, the process is currently accelerating. While it is rational for countries to pursue such agreements, the process is currently accelerating. While it is rational for countries to pursue such agreements, they should in parallel work for multilateral trade liberalisation in order to reduce the discriminatory impact of FTAs. This is needed if we are to avoud that "Most Favored Nation" treatment under the WTO actually becomes "Least Favored Nation" treatment: Rules that only apply to countries that are left outside the "free trade race".
Eksport av tjenester og potensialet for økt verdiskapning i Norge : En empirisk kartlegging
Dette notatet gir en empirisk gjennomgang av norske tjenestenæringsers eksport, og foretar en sammenligning med trekkene i andre land. Videre gjøres det rede for omfanget av handelsbarrierer hos sentrale handelspartnere. Rapporten drøfter betydningen av direkte utenlandske investeringer i handelen med tjenester og gir en oversikt over tall for slike investeringer. Videre presenteres et rammeverk for vurdering av potensialet for økt verdiskapning blant tjenesteeksportørene. Vi gjennomfører en kvantitativ analyse av verdiskapningspotensialet basert på ulike mål, og gir policy-relaterte anbefalinger vedrørende hvilke tjenestesektorer man bør satse på i fremtidige GATS-forhandlinger for å nå høyest mulig verdiskapning i Norge. Det vises at til tross for at Norge har en relativt liten tjenestesektor, er andelen av tjenester i totaleksporten høy. Dette knytter seg primært til aktivitetene innen utenriks sjøfart. Sammenligninger med andre industrialiserte land viser at norske tjenestenæringer investerer lite i utlandet.
Corruption and fast change: Shifting modes of micro-coordination
The paper studies the effects on corruption of having coexisting, contradictory norms for allocating different micro-coordination modes across society. One important reason for their coexistence is fast change, and links to Huntington's classical analysis of corruption are worked out. The notion of micro-coordination mode is exposed and its usefulness for explaining corruption is argued through examples. The exampled outlined are corruption in land allocation in Kenya, the economic transition in post-communist countries and the global telecommunications industry.