The State, the People and the Armed Forces – a Genealogical Outline of the Legitimacy of the Armed Forces in Norway
The Norwegian armed forces in the early 21st century is in a phase of rapid change and transition. International missions are about to become its main task, whereas traditional domestic territorial defence is becoming less and less relevant. Is this transition purely a technical adjustment to a new security environment, or does it also entail more fundamental changes in the relationship between the armed forces, the state and the population? Could the military risk to lose its popular legitimacy? To grasp the current changes, it is important to understand the foundations of the relationship between the military, the state and the people. As well as how these relations have evolved over time. This is certainly not the first time in history the armed forces are facing fundamental changes. This article seeks to shed light on some of these developments in Norway over the last centuries. The evolvement of the conscript system will be used to illustrate some of these developments. I will argue that the Norwegian authorities to date have been reluctant in addressing the changes, applying what can be described as ‘yesterday’s explanations’ when legitimising military operations of today. If this trend of ignorance continues, the danger of a popular back-lash increases.
Norsk petro-power og terrorisme: Brennbart og brukbart redskap i norsk sikkerhetspolitikk?
Rapporten analyserer følgende sikkerhetspolitiske utfordringer: 1) Norges sikkerhetspolitiske marginalisering utenfor EU og innenfor et fragmentert NATO. 2) Olje- og gassproduksjon og leveransene til Europa er en viktig enkeltstående faktor som kan gjøre Norge mer sikkerhetspolitisk relevant. Av potensielle terrormål skiller olje- og gassinstallasjoner seg ut fordi anslag ikke kun vil skade Norge, men også kan skade kjøperland. 3) På den ene siden er bekjempelse av terror og sabotasje en sikkerhetsutfordring for Norge, og på den andre siden en mulighet til å påvirke EUs forsvars- og sikkerhetspolitikk og revitalisere NATO.
Crude Nukes on the Loose? : Preventing Nuclear Terrorism by Means of Optimum Nuclear Husbandry, Transparency, and Non-Intrusive Fissile Material Ve...
This thesis assesses the threat of nuclear terrorism and identifies strategies for diminishing the risk of such incidents. Never before have the material, the technology, the know-how, and, perhaps, the motivations needed to perform acts of nuclear terrorism been more exploitable. Building on eight research papers, the thesis sets out to answer three principal questions: 1) “Can terrorists possibly perform acts of terror by means of crude nuclear explosive devices based on highly enriched uranium? What are the main barriers to the production of crude nuclear explosives?” 2) “Is there an optimum way of protecting fissile material from falling into terrorist hands? What role – if any – do transparency and nonintrusive verification play in this regard?” 3) “Within legitimate security constraints, what kind of measures could be put in place to enhance the transparency and non-intrusive verification of stocks of sensitive fissile material?”
EU Security Policy: Contrasting Rationalism and Social Constructivism
There are two very different stories that can be told about EU security policy during 2003. On the one hand, some argue that the deep division among important EU countries in relation to the Iraq war is a final confirmation of the absence of an EU security policy. On the other hand, some argue that the last year has been a year of considerable intensity in relation to EU security policy – despite the fact that EU cannot yet be characterised as a unitary actor. One of the reasons for these very different stories is that they are based on fundamentally different ideas and theories about the basic mechanisms in international relations. In this paper Pernille Rieker will contrast how two different approaches, namely Rationalistism and Social constructivism would analyse EU security policy. The paper starts with a short presentation of the meta-theoretical foundation of these approaches. The second part discusses how each of them views the conditions for multilateral cooperation and security. In the third part these perspectives on EU security policy will be discussed and some empirical data that support each of them will be presented. Finally, the paper ends on a discussion concerning whether these approaches must be seen as being alternative or complementary approaches.
Væpnet hjelp utenfra i norsk sikkerhetspolitikk
Denne rapporten undersøker hvilken rolle muligheten for å få væpnet hjelp fra andre land har spilt i norsk sikkerhetspolitisk tenkning og planlegging gjennom de siste vel hundre år. Studien ser på hvilke forestillinger man i Norge på begynnelsen av forrige århundre hadde om denne muligheten, på et tidspunkt da den av hensyn til nøytralitetspolitikkens troverdighet ikke burde nevnes høyt. Hvordan tanken om væpnet hjelp utenfra, fra å være stilltiende spekulasjon, kom inn som tema i den offentlige debatt, og hvilke motforestillinger den møtte, blir også viet oppmerksomhet. Noen av de problemstillinger som i denne sammenheng ble reist, blir også viet særskilt oppmerksomhet når det deretter blir sett nærmere på den betydning forutsetningen om væpnet hjelp fra allierte i tilfelle aggresjon fikk i norsk forsvars- og sikkerhetspolitikk etter siste verdenskrig. De muligheter denne forutsetningen åpnet, de dilemmaer den reiste og de krav den stilte, blir særskilt belyst. Til slutt blir søkelyset satt på hva forutsetningen om væpnet hjelp fra allierte i tilfelle behov, har fått å si for sikkerhetspolitisk planlegging og for forsvarets rolle og utforming etter den kalde krigen, med et NATO under sterk endring i bakgrunnen.