Skip to content
NUPI skole

Publications

Publications
Publications
Scientific article

How activists use benchmarks: Reformist and revolutionary benchmarks for global economic justice

  • International economics
  • International economics
Publications
Publications
Scientific article

Leder: Vitenskap og fremskritt

Publications
Publications
Chapter

Private Force and the Making of States, c. 1100-1500

This chapter shows how the distinction between the public and the private emerges with respect to the use of force in conjunction with the long rise of the state in Europe. In drawing a historical conceptual analysis of the changing organization of military power in the making of states, I show why we need to take an empirical rather than an ideological approach to the distinction between different types of force, as only then can we hope to understand why and for what purposed power was organized in specific ways, and the consequences of that organization. The chapter takes as its starting point the late eleventh century, a period when public authorities had been decimated throughout Christendom and where kings no longer held the aura of public authority, but were (private) contestants for public authority on equal footing with their competitors. Both public and private force was private, so to speak. I proceed in five sections. The first addresses the relationship between war-making and state-making, a relationship which is central to much of the literature on state formation and to our further discussion. The next three sections address the chronology of changes in the organization of force, and move from warfare as a knightly (largely) private enterprise to the wars of mercenaries, culminating in the early attempts at holding standing permanent armies around the late fifteenth century. The claim is not that this process was linear or inevitable, and, as demonstrated in the last section, the centralization of the legitimate means of warfare in the hands of public authorities did not mean the end of private enterprise in a world of states. Rather, private enterprise continued alongside public force, albeit in a different character.

  • Security policy
  • Historical IR
  • Security policy
  • Historical IR
Publications
Publications
Publications
Report

Norway, the Joint Strike Fighter Program and its Implications for Transatlantic Defense Industrial Cooperation

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • Europe
  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • NATO
  • Europe
Publications
Publications
Scientific article

Viewpoint paper. Islander mobilities: any change from climate change?

  • Climate
  • Climate
Publications
Publications
Scientific article

Can the Counterinsurgency Doctrine Be Saved?

  • Defence
  • Security policy
  • Defence
  • Security policy
Publications
Publications
Book

Preventing crime: A Holistic approach

Publications
Publications
Chapter

Private force and the emergence of the international system

This chapter deals with the importance of private force to the early emergence and spread of the international system. It discusses how varieties of non-traditional forms of force helped maintain what was in many ways an international system of empires. The chapter focuses on the rules, norms and values of the system and shows how the gradual abolishment of private force has helped foster ideational cohesion in the international system. It also focuses on modes of interaction, and on how an unintended consequence of the use of private force has been a functionalist push for a tighter integrated system. The chapter also deals with mercenarism, privateering and piracy, the most important forms of private force for the emergence of the international system. It concludes that private force should be understood as one of the central productive forces in the gradual emergence of the modern international system.

  • Security policy
  • Oceans
  • Historical IR
  • Security policy
  • Oceans
  • Historical IR
Publications
Publications
Report

Norske interesser og norske utestasjoner

(Available in Norwegian only): Stater har utenrikspolitiske interesser, og de har en utenrikstjeneste med stasjoner rundt omkring i verden, hvis oppgave det er å forfølge disse interessene. Denne beskrivelsen tør være relativt ukontroversiell, men med det slutter også enigheten. For hva dekkes egentlig av «interesser», hvordan prioriteres de ved utestasjonene og hvordan arbeider utestasjonene for å sikre interessene? Hovedlinjene i norsk utenrikspolitikk kan finnes i sentrale lover, budsjettdokumenter og utenrikspolitiske redegjørelser. Samtidig har det de siste ti årene foregått en rekke interessante diskusjoner om interessebegrepet i norsk utenrikspolitikk, og utenrikstjenesten har selv tatt grep for å få en bedre samlet empirisk og konkret forståelse av de faktiske vurderinger av norske interesser og arbeid med å fremme disse ved utestasjonene. NUPI var med på den forrige runden med analyser av slikt materiale (Sverdrup et. al 2012; Leira & Sverdrup 2013). Denne rapporten utvikler videre én side ved diskusjonen om norske interesser, og presenterer for første gang resultatene fra en kvantitativ spørreskjemabasert analyse av hvordan norske interesser oppfattes og vurderes, og hvordan det arbeides med norske interesser ved norske utestasjoner. Bakgrunnen for denne rapporten er at Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI) har fått i oppdrag av Utenriksdepartementet å gjennomføre en analyse av hvordan de norske utestasjonene vurderer viktig-heten av en rekke forskjellige norske interesser i deres vertsland/vertsorganisasjoner/embetsdistrikter, hvilke interesser som vertslandet er særlig opptatt av i sitt møte med norske diplomater, hvordan det arbeides det med å fremme de ulike interessene og hvilke områder utestasjonene vurderer som viktige å prioritere i fremtiden.

  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • The Nordic countries
  • Governance
  • Diplomacy
  • Foreign policy
  • Europe
  • The Nordic countries
  • Governance
1931 - 1940 of 3427 items