Researcher
Halvard Leira
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Summary
Halvard Leira is Research Professor and Research Director at NUPI.
Halvard Leira’s main areas of research is foreign policy and diplomacy, with a special emphasis on the Norwegian varieties. He also has a long-standing research interest in historical international relations, and international thought. Leira completed his PhD thesis in May 2011, titled «The Emergence of Foreign Policy: Knowledge, Discourse, History».
Expertise
Education
2011 PhD, Political Science, University of Oslo
2002 Cand. Polit., Political Science, Department of political Science, University of Oslo
Work Experience
2024 - Research Director, NUPI
2003- Research Fellow/Phd-candidate/Senior Research Fellow/Research Professor, NUPI
Aktivitet
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Clear all filtersCONSTRUCTION TIME AGAIN: HISTORY IN CONSTRUCTIVIST IR SCHOLARSHIP
In this article we seek to understand how succeeding generations of constructivists have invoked history to exact narratives of change within IR. We make the case that there is a move from a rst generation where history served primarily to undermine generalised and ahistorical mainstream arguments through a second generation where history was providing data to undercut speci c mainstream stories, replacing them with their own largely progressive stories, to a third generation where history is embraced for its own purpose, where history is seen as more open-ended and contingent. This has been a move from the general to the particular and from a meta-critique of the mainstream through accommodation with the mainstream, to a more localised opposition against the mainstream.
Norsk utenrikspolitisk idehistorie, 1890-1940
(Available in Norwegian only): Norges utenrikspolitiske ideverden er særegen. Denne boka tar for seg idetradisjonene som slo inn i norsk politikk rundt forrige århundreskifte, og som i tiden etter bidro til å forme Norges forestillinger om verden omkring oss og om Norges plass og rolle i den. Liberale argumenter har formet den norske fredstanken, betoningen vår av folkerettens sentrale plass og av internasjonalt samarbeid i ordnede, universelle former. Men hvor kommer disse ideene fra, og hvorfor slo de så dype røtter i Norge? Forfatterne viser hvilke forestillinger og ideer som har vært og er tonengivende i norsk utenrikspolitikk, og setter disse inn i et større, politisk og idehistorisk perspektiv. De viser blant annet hvordan den liberale fredstanken har vært en vedvarende kraft i det utenrikspolitiske ordskiftet og diskuterer hvorfor Norge har manglet en konservativ idetradisjon. Norges naboland har hatt et markant innslag av maktpolitiske resonnementer som har manglet i den norske idetradisjonen.
Private force and the emergence of the international system
This chapter deals with the importance of private force to the early emergence and spread of the international system. It discusses how varieties of non-traditional forms of force helped maintain what was in many ways an international system of empires. The chapter focuses on the rules, norms and values of the system and shows how the gradual abolishment of private force has helped foster ideational cohesion in the international system. It also focuses on modes of interaction, and on how an unintended consequence of the use of private force has been a functionalist push for a tighter integrated system. The chapter also deals with mercenarism, privateering and piracy, the most important forms of private force for the emergence of the international system. It concludes that private force should be understood as one of the central productive forces in the gradual emergence of the modern international system.
Norske interesser og norske utestasjoner
(Available in Norwegian only): Stater har utenrikspolitiske interesser, og de har en utenrikstjeneste med stasjoner rundt omkring i verden, hvis oppgave det er å forfølge disse interessene. Denne beskrivelsen tør være relativt ukontroversiell, men med det slutter også enigheten. For hva dekkes egentlig av «interesser», hvordan prioriteres de ved utestasjonene og hvordan arbeider utestasjonene for å sikre interessene? Hovedlinjene i norsk utenrikspolitikk kan finnes i sentrale lover, budsjettdokumenter og utenrikspolitiske redegjørelser. Samtidig har det de siste ti årene foregått en rekke interessante diskusjoner om interessebegrepet i norsk utenrikspolitikk, og utenrikstjenesten har selv tatt grep for å få en bedre samlet empirisk og konkret forståelse av de faktiske vurderinger av norske interesser og arbeid med å fremme disse ved utestasjonene. NUPI var med på den forrige runden med analyser av slikt materiale (Sverdrup et. al 2012; Leira & Sverdrup 2013). Denne rapporten utvikler videre én side ved diskusjonen om norske interesser, og presenterer for første gang resultatene fra en kvantitativ spørreskjemabasert analyse av hvordan norske interesser oppfattes og vurderes, og hvordan det arbeides med norske interesser ved norske utestasjoner. Bakgrunnen for denne rapporten er at Norsk Utenrikspolitisk Institutt (NUPI) har fått i oppdrag av Utenriksdepartementet å gjennomføre en analyse av hvordan de norske utestasjonene vurderer viktig-heten av en rekke forskjellige norske interesser i deres vertsland/vertsorganisasjoner/embetsdistrikter, hvilke interesser som vertslandet er særlig opptatt av i sitt møte med norske diplomater, hvordan det arbeides det med å fremme de ulike interessene og hvilke områder utestasjonene vurderer som viktige å prioritere i fremtiden.
Doing Historical International Relations
The relationship between International Relations and History has varied greatly over the last century, following largely from the historiographical changes in International Relations theorising. This volume details the changing relationship over the last 60 years, through a number of both seminal and newer texts. The volume starts with classics of the 1950’s and 60’s, continues with the ebb of historical scholarship in the 1970’s and 80’s and the forceful calls for a regeneration, and concludes with the opening of new perspectives over the last two decades. Although the newer generations have indeed rehashed some of the older ideas, there has also been an obvious increase in the sophistication of (meta) theoretical reflection and methodological awareness. There have never been more or more varied ways of justifying historical scholarship in International Relations.
The History of International Thought
Being a distinct discipline entails being able to recount the disciplinary history and pre-history, and in IR this has led to a sustained engagement, first with the history of international thought in the classical sense, then with historiography. Over the last decades, scholars have increasingly come to see International Relations Theory neither as the recurrence of ancient patterns of thought nor as a miraculous conception of the early 20th century. Rather, continuous stories have been written, where IR has become tied to a wide variety of previous thought. In this volume we explore this scholarship in breadth, explicitly opposing the notion of “great traditions” and “great debates”, and focusing primarily on the challenges, and on works undermining, redirecting or expanding the canon.
Historical International Relations
As a quarry for data, testing-ground for theory and site of investigation, history has been one of the unacknowledged partners of International Relations. The last two decades has witnessed both a substantial increase in the scope of historical IR scholarship and in the sophistication of methodological approaches to history, accompanied by a rapidly increasing (and multidisciplinary) interest in the history of international thought, as well as an ever more sophisticated historiography of the discipline itself. This Major Work is structured in a way to engage with the key recent developments in the field of international relations, providing the reader with an overview of approaches to history in IR; the history of international thought/historiography; and the emergence of the state and the state system.