Publications

Security Sector Reform: A Literature Review

‘Security sector reform’, or SSR, has become a cornerstone of international development, post-conflict peacebuilding and state-building initiatives. The term emerged in the late 1990s in recognition of the changing international security environment and the limitations of peace accords in failing and failed states. Aimed at promoting both effective and legitimate provision of security in countries emerging from conflict or undergoing processes of political transition, SSRrelated activities have growth significantly in scope as well as scale. However, security sector reform remains a contested concept that can have different meanings in different contexts and for different audiences. Various institutions, groups and nations involved in SSR tend to understand the concept on the basis of their own policies, doctrines and practices.1 Experience has also shown that SSR is often conducted in challenging political, socio-economic and security environments. Given the diversity of perceptions and contexts, SSR approaches and implementation vary greatly within the international community. Against that backdrop, this contribution reviews the comprehensive literature on security sector reform. Specifically, it asks: what were the authoritative influences and actors in the development of the SSR concept? What is the current state of theoretical discussion? What challenges and opportunities does adoption of SSR entail? How successfully has the concept been adopted in international peace operations? Are there any particular criticisms of the SSR concept? How might SSR practice be improved?

Preparing Civilian Experts to work in Vulnerable Places: Unveiling Brazil’s Potential

Cyberangrep - hvem har ansvaret?

(Available in Norwegian only): Digitale angrep er den mest sannsynlige trusselen mot Norge, konkluderte både e-tjenesten og PST med da de med kort tids mellomrom slapp sine trusselvurderinger. Kort tid etter avslørte PST at hackere, høyst sannsynlig med russisk tilknytning, har angrepet Forsvaret, Utenriksdepartementet og Arbeiderpartiet. Angrepene ligner veldig på angrepet mot demokratenes e-postserver i USA i høst, både i måten de ble utført på og hvem som er mistenkt for å stå bak. Frykten for russisk innblanding risikerer nå å skygge over den ubehagelige sannheten, nemlig at cybersikkerhet i altfor liten grad blir tatt på alvor og forstått. Hvem har ansvaret for å beskytte oss mot dette?

NATO-skuta ikke enkel å snu

(Available in Norwegian only): Alliansen har i snart to tiår fokusert på utenlandsoperasjoner. Nå har kollektivt forsvar kommet øverst på dagsorden, men i et Europa preget av økonomiske problemer er endringer krevende.

Vil USA fortsatt forsvare Europa?

(Available in Norwegian only): Har det noen effekt når Trump svinger pisken over sine allierte og krever høyere forsvarsbudsjett? Vil det få fortgang i forsvarsinvesteringene i Europa?

Hva skal Forsvaret forsvare?

(Norwegian only): Forsvaret av Norge opptar folk, men fokuset i forsvarsdebatten har vært mest på budsjett, baser og struktur. Det er imidlertid en tendens til at vi glemmer å diskutere det mest grunnleggende, nemlig hva slags trussel Forsvaret skal forsvare oss mot. Hvordan bør Forsvaret skrus sammen for å forhindre krig, avskrekke Russland, og kunne respondere alene og med allierte?

Open Access for bibliotekarer – nye utviklingsmuligheter for en gammel profesjon

(Norwegian only) Andrew Abbotts artikkel, "Professionalism and the future of librarianship (Abbott, 1998)", om utvikling av bibliotekarprofesjonen, tar for seg hva som fører til endring for bibliotekarprofesjonen. Det kan for eksempel handle om ny kunnskap som endrer måten å jobbe på, eller at andre profesjoner overtar deler av arbeidet, eller når økonomiske krav tvinger fram andre måter å organisere arbeidet på. Abbott skriver at det som sterkest påvirker utviklingen av bibliotekarprofesjonen er teknologisk utvikling. Et eksempel kan være hvordan man ved innføring av digitale samlinger i bibliotek gikk fra å eie fysiske samlinger til å betale for tilgang til elektroniske samlinger. Nå er en ny teknologisk utviklingstrend startet.

Brexit-forhandlingene vakler videre

(Norwegian only): Det norske mediebildet har de siste ukene vært dominert av stortingsvalget. Ikke uventet har debattene handlet mest om hjemlige forhold, men mange har også etterlyst mer fokus rundt utenrikspolitiske spørsmål – i en tid hvor langvarige samarbeidsmønstre og maktkonstellasjoner ser ut til å være i endring. Norske velgere oppgir også å være noe mer opptatt av utenrikspolitikk enn før. Hva skjer med verden utenfor, og hvordan påvirker det norsk utenrikspolitikk og Norges rolle internasjonalt?

Building Bridges for Success:Rethinking Peace Operations Training for Complex Environments

Witnessing the changes in armed conflict since the 1990s, several global political-level agendas have emerged, recognizing the growing human suffering from armed conflict and the long-term consequences on societies. These high-level agendas, such as Protection of Civilians (POC), Women, Peace and Security (WPS), and Children in Armed Conflict (CAAC), address crucial issues that fall under a broader human security approach, and are to be addressed by peace operations. As such, they have at an increasing rate been included in strategic level doctrine and policy. The three global UN peace and security reviews published in 2015 stress the need for a shift to more people-centered, inclusive processes, establishing better context awareness, and investing in cooperation with external counterparts significantly. If peace operations are to remain relevant and effective in achieving international peace and security, this needs to be taken into account. This shift within peace operations requires that the preparation and training of peacekeepers follow suit in order to meet the challenges faced in increasingly complex environments. This policy brief therefore advocates for the adoption of an integrated approach to peace operations training, putting greater emphasis on comprehensive, people-centered approaches and contextual analysis.

How The Joint Strike Fighter Seeks To Preserve Air Supremacy For Decades To Come

Since its inception in 2001, the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program has cleared several technical and political hurdles as it is nearing the end of its development stage, formally known as System Development and Demonstration (SDD), which is expected to be completed in the spring of 2018. The JSF is designed to be a game changer – with the combined air-to- air and air-to-surface capabilities – which means that it can both support ground troops and naval forces – when it comes to targeting enemy strategic targets during warfare. The JSF, also known as the F-35 Lightning II Program, can also operate in areas where the F-16 cannot. Furthermore, the JSF program has established comprehensive planning processes that seek to identify and analyze technological advances by adversaries such as North Korea, Russia, China and Iran as they seek to respectively close their military gaps with Washington.